LEARNER-CENTRED COACHING

To unlock the full potential of a player, a coach should be “learner-centred”.  This means the coach works in partnership with the player to identify and achieve the player’s goals (not the coach’s goals, or the goals they assume, or think, the player should have). 

Learner-centred doesn’t mean learner-driven since they don’t have the experience or expertise of what the process should look like.  The process is still driven by the coach, but focused on the needs of the player.  A learner-centred process includes:

• Giving the player a
  clear picture of where they are at currently (awareness)
• Shaping a strategy
  for the player to progress towards achieving their goals at an accelerated rate
  (goal-setting)    
• Determining what
  the player is willing to do to get to their goals (commitment)

Learner-centred coaching gives players better tools to produce results and greater confidence in their ability to do so.   Thanks to the expertise of Former Canadian Head coach, Louis Cayer, the Canadian Certification System ensures learner-centred coaching in all its levels.

Learner-centred coaching is not ‘teaching’ (although it may include teaching at some points).  The key is in unlocking a player’s ability to learn. 

Before asking the question, what should I teach? Coaches must ask the question, how do people learn?  Asking that question leads down a radically different path.  It sets the tone for everything a coach does.

Every individual is unique when it comes to learning.  We all take in, order, and remember information in our own way.  There are three ‘Learning Laws’ that every coach should know:

#1: PLAYERS REQUIRE A DESIRE TO LEARN

#2: PLAYERS LEARN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

#3: PLAYERS LEARN AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS

To be “learner-centred,” a coach must remember these laws. Coaches who do things the same way for everyone, only coach the way they (the coach) would prefer to be coached, or use a “Do it because I say so because I’m the coach” approach will coach less effectively. 

A deeper understanding of learning allows a coach to communicate better and speed up improvement.

Most importantly, understanding learning will allow coaches to coach people (build a relationship that empowers them to achieve their goals), rather than just teaching skills.

Many coaches would say they coach in a learner-centred way.  If you were asked what the difference is between teacher-centred or learner-centred lessons, would you know the answer?  What are the primary considerations?  What would change in your coaching process?  How does learner-centred coaching apply to the way you coach now?

To remember all the primary considerations for learner-centred coaching, we can organize them to form the acronym S.E.T.S.
(Skills, Environment, Tools, Stages)

SKILLS in LEARNING:

Learning tennis is a more sophisticated process than just having a coach tell how to do certain movements.  There are many skills in tennis, and many ways they can be taught.  How a coach views and handles the skills they teach can either shortcut the learning process or make it longer and unnatural.  When the words “tennis skills” are said to most coaches, they think ‘strokes’.  However, tennis skills encompass much more and fall into two key categories:

• Integrated Performance Factors: Tennis coaches tend to get fixated on technique.  However, tennis includes all 4 “Performance factors”: Psychological skills (mental and emotional), physical, tactical, and technical skills. To develop a complete player, a coach must help learning in all of these areas and integrate them as well.  

• Tennis is an “Open Skill”: An open skill means the technique must change for the situation.  What is the use of teaching a specific series of movements (Like the traditional forehand stroke model), when the technique must adapt for where the player is, the type of ball they receive, and if they are attacking, rallying, etc?  Players must learn to read the situation (called “Perception”), decide the best response (called “decision-making”), execute the appropriate technique, and then see if it worked or not (called “Feedback”).

Players who learn this way develop faster than with traditional methods. This is radically different from the traditional view of tennis teaching, in which tennis was seen primarily as a technical sport that used ‘one-size-fits-all’ stroke models (e.g., the forehand, the volley, etc.).

Using a Game-based Approach: Tennis is a game one must learn to play.  For beginners, the fun of tennis play can be maintained by scaling the game down to a level appropriate for the player.  For all levels, if tennis is taught in realistic situations, the skills learned will transfer into match play more easily.  Game-based means the tactics to play the game successfully must drive the development of the techniques learned. I love this quote from Daniel Rosenbaum, a top coach from Brazil, “The goal is to help students feel like PLAYERS that are constantly improving, rather than feel like students that will become players sometime in the future.”  

ENVIRONMENT for LEARNING:

A coach can help a player pass through the learning process smoothly by creating a fun and effective learning environment.  An environment that motivates players to learn includes the elements of:

• Organized: Learning increases when it is systematic. Well-planned training clearly shows the path to improvement. Good organization allows for good activity, variety, and a safe environment. Boring or unsafe training decreases motivation to learn.

• An Enthusiastic Coach: A coach’s passion for tennis and learning can be ‘caught’ by the players they coach.  They will often respond better to the coach’s role modelling over the words the coach says.

This type of environment will help players enjoy the process (have fun), be stimulated, develop internal motivation, and ultimately commitment.

TOOLS for LEARNING:

A coach can use some essential ‘power tools’ to speed learning. 

• Cooperative Coaching Style: Players change more readily if the change comes from within them (rather than imposed from the outside).  A coach can use a ‘cooperative’ communication style to work with the player to affect change. By using questions and encouragement, the coach communicates with the player (rather than at the player). The result is an experience of ‘guided discovery’.  The contrast to a cooperative style is where the coach is ‘autocratic’ or ‘directive’.   In this approach, the coach is the all-knowing dictator, and the player is the ‘dumb’ student. Sometimes, the directive approach is needed in certain situations, but it needs to be used wisely.

• Feedback: This is a coach’s most important tool to affect learning.  Feedback is reflecting a player’s performance back to them.  Effective feedback speeds up learning and helps build skills.  If the feedback is positive, that will enhance learning even more.  Positive feedback reinforces good performance and encourages it to be repeated.

• Learning Modes: A coach can convey information clearly by understanding the three basic ways players take in information.  The three modes of learning are:
  • Visual: Processing information through the eyes
  • Auditory: Processing information through the ears
  • Kinesthetic: Processing information through body feelings

Everyone uses all three, and coaches working with groups should always give information using all three modes (rather than defaulting to the mode the coach prefers).

• Goal Setting: If done correctly, goals propel learning by laying down a systematic process for development.  They give a direction to focus energies and effort. Players respond better when a specific direction is laid out, the appropriate level of challenge is provided, and there are measurements to gauge progress.

STAGES of LEARNING:

Every player will pass through three stages of learning before they can use new skills in match play:

Stage #1: Cognitive (Understanding)

Getting an initial intellectual and kinesthetic comprehension of performance.  Moving a player from “Unconscious incompetence” (player is unaware of what they are performing poorly), to “Conscious incompetence” (player is aware of how to perform successfully but is unable to do it consistently).

Stage #2: Associative (Repetition)

Practicing the skill to build a general ‘Motor pattern’.  Moving a player from “Conscious incompetence” to “Conscious competence” (players can only perform successfully if they focus on the performance). Remember, tennis uses ‘open skills’, so perception and decision-making should be included when training. (For information on open skills, click here)

Stage #3: Autonomous (Automatic Decision-making)

This stage is about moving players from “Conscious competence” to “Unconscious competence” (the player selects the correct time to use the skill in competition and performs successfully automatically).   

Each stage has its own unique goals, pitfalls, and procedures.  A coach must recognize which stage a student is in to lead them in the most effective type of training.  If a coach skips or poorly develops a stage, the result is incomplete skill development.

CONCLUSION

Being learner-centred dramatically increases a coach’s professionalism and effectiveness and promotes constantly looking for new and creative ways to help students.  Tennis players deserve nothing less. 

References:

1. Elderton,
   Wayne. (2001). “Tennis Coaching Evolved: Learner-centred coaching through an Integrated, Open skill, Game-based approach.” (An acecoach.com e-Learning Manual)
2. Cayer,
   Louis. (1987). The Actions Method. 
   Presentation at the ITF Worldwide coaches Conference.  Mallorca, Spain.
3. Jones,
   D. (1982). Teaching for understanding in tennis. Bulletin of Physical
   Education, 18 (1): 29-31.
4. Knight,
   G. W. Gunze, P. J. & Feel, P. (1997). 
   Using questions to facilitate motor skill acquisition.  Journal of Dental Education.  61, 1, 56-65.
5. Schmidt R.A. & Lee, T.D. (1999) Motor Control and Learning, 3^rd
   edition.  Human Kinetics, Champagne, Ill.
6. Vickers,
   J. N., Livigston, L.F., Umeris, S., Holden, D. (1999).  Decision training: The effects of complex
   instruction, variable practice and reduced delayed feedback on the acquisition
   and transfer of a motor skill. 17, 357-367.
7. Vereijken,
   B and Whiting, H T A, (1990), In Defence of Discovery Learning, Canadian
   Journal of Applied Sports Science, 15, 2 pp99-106